Vaxneuvance (Pneumococcal 15-valent Conjugate Vaccine, or PCV15) is an injectable prescription vaccine made by Merck. It helps protect people aged 6 weeks and older against serious invasive diseases, such as blood infections (bacteremia) and meningitis, caused by 15 specific types of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.
How Vaxneuvance Is Made, How It Works, and What You Should Know
How Vaxneuvance is made, how does Vaxneuvance work, and what exactly is in this pneumococcal vaccine?
If you've searched for “How Vaxneuvance is…”, you're probably looking for a straightforward explanation of what Vaxneuvance is, how it works, how it is given, and why it is used.
VAXNEUVANCE is a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) made by Merck. In the United States, the FDA indicates it for active immunization to help prevent invasive disease caused by 15 specified serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in people 6 weeks of age and older.
Here is the simple explanation.
How Vaxneuvance Is Made
Vaxneuvance is not made from a live, disease-causing form of pneumococcus.
Instead, the vaccine contains purified capsular polysaccharides from 15 specified Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes. Each polysaccharide is linked, or conjugated, to a carrier protein called CRM197.
The 15 serotypes included are:
1
3
4
5
6A
6B
7F
9V
14
18C
19A
19F
22F
23F
33F
These components are not alive and do not cause pneumococcal disease.
Why is Vaxneuvance called a conjugate vaccine?
The word conjugate refers to how the bacterial polysaccharides are linked to a carrier protein.
That combination is designed to help the immune system produce an effective immune response against the pneumococcal serotypes represented in the vaccine.
In simple terms:
Vaxneuvance shows the immune system important identifying features of certain pneumococcal bacteria without giving the person the disease-causing bacteria themselves.
How Vaxneuvance Works
Once Vaxneuvance is administered, the immune system recognizes the vaccine's components and develops an immune response.
The goal is to prepare the body's defenses to recognize the targeted pneumococcal serotypes.
Vaxneuvance is intended to help prevent invasive pneumococcal disease, which occurs when Streptococcus pneumoniae infects normally sterile parts of the body.
It is important to understand that Vaxneuvance does not cover every possible pneumococcal serotype.
It targets the 15 serotypes included in the vaccine.
How Vaxneuvance Is Given
Vaxneuvance is administered by intramuscular injection.
The vaccination schedule depends on age and vaccination history.
How Vaxneuvance Is Given to Children
For children, the FDA-approved routine schedule is a 4-dose series given at:
2 months → 4 months → 6 months → 12–15 months
The first dose may be given as early as 6 weeks of age.
There are also catch-up schedules for certain children and adolescents who did not receive pneumococcal conjugate vaccination according to the routine schedule.
Because recommendations can depend on previous vaccines and individual circumstances, a healthcare professional should determine the appropriate schedule.
How Vaxneuvance Is Given to Adults
The FDA prescribing information specifies one dose for adults 18 years and older.
However, whether an adult should receive Vaxneuvance—and whether another pneumococcal vaccine is recommended afterward—depends on current vaccination recommendations and the person's vaccination history.
This is especially important because pneumococcal vaccine recommendations have changed over time.
For example, CDC recommendations have included PCV15 followed by PPSV23 as one option for certain adults for whom pneumococcal vaccination is recommended. Other pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are also available.
What Is in Vaxneuvance?
The active components are bacterial sugars from 15 pneumococcal serotypes, each linked to CRM197 carrier protein.
The FDA-approved patient information lists the inactive ingredients as:
Sodium chloride
L-histidine
Polysorbate 20
Aluminum phosphate
The product does not contain preservatives, according to the manufacturer’s patient information.
Does Vaxneuvance Contain Live Bacteria?
No.
Vaxneuvance contains purified components from specified pneumococcal serotypes rather than live pneumococcal bacteria. The vaccine components are not alive and do not cause pneumococcal disease.
That's an important distinction when people are trying to understand how this vaccine works.
How Vaxneuvance Is Different From a Live Vaccine
Vaxneuvance is a conjugate vaccine, not a live vaccine.
Instead of giving someone a weakened version of a living pathogen, it uses purified pneumococcal polysaccharides linked to a carrier protein.
The purpose is to stimulate an immune response against the targeted bacterial serotypes.
How Vaxneuvance Is Different From PCV13
Vaxneuvance contains 15 pneumococcal serotypes, while PCV13 contains 13.
The two vaccines share 13 serotypes, while Vaxneuvance adds 22F and 33F.
Clinical studies supporting the original adult approval found that Vaxneuvance produced immune responses that were non-inferior to PCV13 for the 13 shared serotypes. Studies also found higher immune responses for serotype 3 and the two serotypes unique to Vaxneuvance in the studied comparisons.
That doesn't mean the vaccines are interchangeable in every situation.
The appropriate pneumococcal vaccine depends on current recommendations, age, medical circumstances, and previous vaccination.
How Vaxneuvance Is Tested
Before approval, Vaxneuvance was studied in clinical trials evaluating safety, tolerability, and immune responses.
For the original adult approval, Merck reported seven randomized, double-blind clinical studies involving 7,438 adults, including 5,630 who received Vaxneuvance.
For children, studies compared immune responses and safety with PCV13. The FDA subsequently expanded the indication to include children and adolescents.
What Does Vaxneuvance Protect Against?
Vaxneuvance is indicated to help prevent invasive disease caused by the 15 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes included in the vaccine.
It is not a vaccine against every bacterial infection.
It also cannot guarantee that every vaccinated person will be protected.
The FDA-approved patient information specifically notes that Vaxneuvance may not protect every vaccine recipient.
What Are the Common Side Effects?
Like other vaccines, Vaxneuvance can cause side effects.
The most commonly reported reactions in adult clinical studies included things such as:
Injection-site pain
Fatigue
Muscle pain
Headache
Injection-site swelling
Injection-site redness
Joint pain
The frequency of these reactions varied among age groups studieed.
A serious allergic reaction is possible with any vaccine, although serious reactions are uncommon.
The FDA-approved information says Vaxneuvance should not be administered to someone with a history of a severe allergic reaction, such as anaphylaxis, to a component of Vaxneuvance or to diphtheria toxoid.
How Long Does Vaxneuvance Take to Work?
Vaccines don't provide instant protection.
After vaccination, the immune system needs time to develop an immune response.
The amount and duration of protection can vary depending on the individual, age, vaccination history, and the particular pneumococcal serotype.
That's one reason vaccine recommendations specify particular schedules rather than simply saying that one injection provides immediate lifelong protection.
Why Is Vaxneuvance Important?
Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause serious infections, including invasive pneumococcal disease.
The bacteria have multiple serotypes, and different serotypes can contribute to disease.
Vaxneuvance was developed to target 15 specific serotypes, including serotypes 22F and 33F that aren't included in PCV13.
The Simple Answer: How Vaxneuvance Is Made and How It Works
If you want the short version:
Vaxneuvance is a 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. It contains purified sugars from 15 specified pneumococcal serotypes, each linked to a carrier protein called CRM197. It is designed to stimulate the immune system against those targeted serotypes and help prevent invasive pneumococcal disease.
It is given by intramuscular injection.
For children, the FDA-approved routine schedule is four doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12–15 months. For adults 18 and older, the FDA prescribing information specifies a single dose, while the overall vaccination plan should follow current clinical recommendations and the person's vaccination history.
Frequently Asked Questions About How Vaxneuvance Is Used
How Vaxneuvance is made?
Vaxneuvance is made using purified capsular polysaccharides from 15 specified pneumococcal serotypes. Each polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM197 carrier protein.
How Vaxneuvance is administered?
Vaxneuvance is administered as a 0.5 mL intramuscular injection.
How Vaxneuvance is different from PCV13?
Vaxneuvance contains 15 serotypes, including two—22F and 33F—that are not included in PCV13.
How Vaxneuvance works?
Vaxneuvance stimulates an immune response against the pneumococcal serotypes represented in the vaccine, helping the body prepare to recognize those bacteria.
How Vaxneuvance is given to babies?
The FDA-approved routine pediatric schedule consists of four doses at 2, 4, 6, and 12–15 months of age. The first dose can be given as early as 6 weeks.
Is Vaxneuvance a live vaccine?
No. Vaxneuvance contains purified pneumococcal polysaccharides linked to a carrier protein rather than live pneumococcal bacteria. (
How Vaxneuvance is made and how it works is actually easier to understand than the scientific name suggests.
It is a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine designed around 15 specific pneumococcal serotypes.
Rather than containing live disease-causing bacteria, it uses purified bacterial polysaccharides linked to a carrier protein to stimulate an immune response.
The FDA-approved product is administered by intramuscular injection, with different schedules for children and adults. Current pneumococcal vaccination recommendations should always be checked because the recommended vaccine and schedule can depend on age, health conditions, and previous vaccination.
In simple terms: Vaxneuvance helps train the immune system to recognize 15 specific pneumococcal serotypes before they cause invasive disease.
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